Swiss glaciers 1850–2100

Glacier du Sex Rouge

IceIce lost since 1850This glacier

Past extents come from the Swiss Glacier Inventories of 1850, 1931, 1973 and 2016. Future extents are illustrative: each glacier’s projected area (OGGM, median of CMIP6 climate models) is removed from its lowest ice upward. About the scenarios.

Inventory 0.263km² Area in 2016 · ±0% compared with 2016
Area 20160.26km²396th largest
Elevation2,713–2,876mmedian 2,801 m
Length0.6kmfaces north-west
1850 ice body0.9km²now 2 glaciers
Tongue since 1898−27m96 measurements
Thinning 1961–2023−21maverage surface lowering
Ice left in 21000%of 2020 volume, SSP2-4.5

Glacier du Sex Rouge is one of 1,400 glaciers in Switzerland, covering 0.26 km² in the canton of Vaud. Its ice spans 2,713 to 2,876 m and faces north-west. Its meltwater drains to the Rhône and on to the Mediterranean. In 1850 it was part of a larger ice body of 0.9 km², which has since split into 2 glaciers covering 0.3 km² in 2016 (−69%). Its tongue has been measured 96 times since 1898. In total it has retreated 27 m, about 0.2 m a year. Its mass balance has been measured since 2012: on average −1.71 m of water equivalent per year, with the most negative year in 2022 (−3.76 m). Between 1961 and 2023 its surface dropped by 21 m on average. With strong climate protection (SSP1-2.6), about 0% of its 2020 ice would remain in 2100. With very high emissions (SSP5-8.5) it would be gone around 2044. Its meltwater peaked around 2019.

Future

What remains in 2100

SSP1-2.6 · low emissionsGoneIce gone around 2046
SSP2-4.5 · intermediate emissionsGoneIce gone around 2045
SSP3-7.0 · high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2047
SSP5-8.5 · very high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2044
SSP1-2.6SSP2-4.5SSP3-7.0SSP5-8.5
0%25%50%75%100%202020402060208021000%0%0%0%
Ice volume as a share of 2020, median of 14 climate models; shaded: middle two-thirds of models. OGGM v1.6.

Meltwater

Million m³ of water per year, 11-year mean

00.51.01.52.020102030205020702090
Water leaving the glacier area each year: ice melt, snowmelt and rain. It rises while the glacier melts faster, then falls as the ice runs out: “peak water”.
Measured

The record

Length change since 1898

Position of the glacier tongue, measured in the field almost every year. Hover for each measurement.

−60 m−40 m−20 m0 m20 m40 m60 m1900192019401960198020002020−27 m
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Length Change, release 2025.

Mass balance 2012–2025

Ice gained (blue) or lost (red) over the whole glacier each year, in metres of water equivalent. Measured with stakes drilled into the ice.

−4.0−3.0−2.0−1.00.01.0201520202025
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Mass Balance, release 2025. Cumulative since 2012: −23.9 m water equivalent.

Thinning since 1961

Average change in surface height, from comparing elevation models made from maps, aerial images and laser scans.

−25 m−20 m−15 m−10 m−5 m0 m197019801990200020102020−21 m
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Volume Change, release 2025.
Profile

Facts

Area over time

18500.940 km²19310.851 km²19730.690 km²20160.263 km²2050 · SSP2-4.50.000 km²2100 · SSP2-4.50.000 km²

Past areas are the ice body this glacier belonged to at the time. Projections: OGGM median, SSP2-4.5.

SGI id
B16-01
Canton
Vaud
River
Rhône → Mediterranean
Basin
Vaud Alps
Location
46.3270° N, 7.2120° E · swisstopo map
Elevation
2,713–2,876 m, median 2,801 m
Slope, aspect
14°, north-west
Debris cover
none mapped
Inventory image
2016
Ice volume (model)
≈ 0.009 km³ in 2020 (OGGM)
RGI ids
RGI60-11.02244
In 1850 joined with
Glacier du Dar
Sources

Sources

  1. Linsbauer et al. (2021). The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2016. Frontiers in Earth Science 9. doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.704189
  2. Mannerfelt et al. (2022). Halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931 observed from terrestrial image photogrammetry. The Cryosphere 16. doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022
  3. GLAMOS – Glacier Monitoring Switzerland. www.glamos.ch
  4. Zekollari et al. (2024). Twenty-first century global glacier evolution under CMIP6 scenarios and the role of glacier-specific observations. The Cryosphere 18 (OGGM v1.6 projections). tc.copernicus.org/articles/18/5045/2024/

Relief: swisstopo swissALTIRegio. 1850 and 1973 outlines: Maisch et al. (2000), Müller et al. (1976), Paul (2004). Length, mass balance and volume change: GLAMOS releases 2025. All sources and methods.

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