Swiss glaciers 1850–2100

Kleines Dreieckhorn SE

IceIce lost since 1850This glacier

Past extents come from the Swiss Glacier Inventories of 1850, 1931, 1973 and 2016. Future extents are illustrative: each glacier’s projected area (OGGM, median of CMIP6 climate models) is removed from its lowest ice upward. About the scenarios.

Inventory 0.289km² Area in 2016 · ±0% compared with 2016
Area 20160.29km²368th largest
Elevation2,990–3,466mmedian 3,227 m
Length0.9kmfaces east
Area since 1850−60%0.71 km² in 1850
Thinning 1975–2023−24maverage surface lowering
Ice left in 21000%of 2020 volume, SSP2-4.5

Kleines Dreieckhorn SE is one of 1,400 glaciers in Switzerland, covering 0.29 km² in the canton of Valais. Its ice spans 2,990 to 3,466 m and faces east. Its meltwater drains to the Rhône and on to the Mediterranean. In 1850, at the end of the Little Ice Age, it covered 0.71 km²; by 2016 it had lost 60% of that area. Between 1975 and 2023 its surface dropped by 24 m on average. With strong climate protection (SSP1-2.6), about 1% of its 2020 ice would remain in 2100. With very high emissions (SSP5-8.5) it would be gone around 2046. Its meltwater peaked around 2017.

Future

What remains in 2100

SSP1-2.6 · low emissions1%Ice gone around 2053
SSP2-4.5 · intermediate emissionsGoneIce gone around 2057
SSP3-7.0 · high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2053
SSP5-8.5 · very high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2046
SSP1-2.6SSP2-4.5SSP3-7.0SSP5-8.5
0%25%50%75%100%202020402060208021001%0%0%0%
Ice volume as a share of 2020, median of 14 climate models; shaded: middle two-thirds of models. OGGM v1.6.

Meltwater

Million m³ of water per year, 11-year mean

00.51.01.52.020102030205020702090
Water leaving the glacier area each year: ice melt, snowmelt and rain. It rises while the glacier melts faster, then falls as the ice runs out: “peak water”.
Measured

The record

Thinning since 1975

Average change in surface height, from comparing elevation models made from maps, aerial images and laser scans.

−25 m−20 m−15 m−10 m−5 m0 m19801990200020102020−24 m
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Volume Change, release 2025.
Profile

Facts

Area over time

18500.715 km²19310.484 km²19730.442 km²20160.289 km²2050 · SSP2-4.50.015 km²2100 · SSP2-4.50.000 km²

Past areas are the ice body this glacier belonged to at the time. Projections: OGGM median, SSP2-4.5.

SGI id
B36-23
Canton
Valais
River
Rhône → Mediterranean
Basin
Lötschental–Aletsch
Location
46.4660° N, 8.0380° E · swisstopo map
Elevation
2,990–3,466 m, median 3,227 m
Slope, aspect
25°, east
Debris cover
0.01 km² (2% of the area)
Inventory image
2017
Ice volume (model)
≈ 0.005 km³ in 2020 (OGGM)
RGI ids
RGI60-11.01833, RGI60-11.01844
Nearby

More in the Lötschental–Aletsch basin

All glaciers in this basin →

Sources

Sources

  1. Linsbauer et al. (2021). The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2016. Frontiers in Earth Science 9. doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.704189
  2. Mannerfelt et al. (2022). Halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931 observed from terrestrial image photogrammetry. The Cryosphere 16. doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022
  3. GLAMOS – Glacier Monitoring Switzerland. www.glamos.ch
  4. Zekollari et al. (2024). Twenty-first century global glacier evolution under CMIP6 scenarios and the role of glacier-specific observations. The Cryosphere 18 (OGGM v1.6 projections). tc.copernicus.org/articles/18/5045/2024/

Relief: swisstopo swissALTIRegio. 1850 and 1973 outlines: Maisch et al. (2000), Müller et al. (1976), Paul (2004). Length, mass balance and volume change: GLAMOS releases 2025. All sources and methods.

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