Swiss glaciers 1850–2100

Chessjengletscher SE

IceIce lost since 1850This glacier

Past extents come from the Swiss Glacier Inventories of 1850, 1931, 1973 and 2016. Future extents are illustrative: each glacier’s projected area (OGGM, median of CMIP6 climate models) is removed from its lowest ice upward. About the scenarios.

Inventory 0.208km² Area in 2016 · ±0% compared with 2016
Area 20160.21km²474th largest
Elevation2,868–3,250mmedian 2,987 m
Length0.5kmfaces north-east
Area since 1850−80%1.03 km² in 1850
Tongue since 1928−512m65 measurements
Thinning 1860–2021−5maverage surface lowering
Ice left in 21000%of 2020 volume, SSP2-4.5

Chessjengletscher SE is one of 1,400 glaciers in Switzerland, covering 0.21 km² in the canton of Valais. Its ice spans 2,868 to 3,250 m and faces north-east. Its meltwater drains to the Rhône and on to the Mediterranean. In 1850, at the end of the Little Ice Age, it covered 1.03 km²; by 2016 it had lost 80% of that area. Its tongue has been measured 65 times since 1928. In total it has retreated 512 m, about 5.4 m a year. Its mass balance has been measured since 1956: on average −0.23 m of water equivalent per year, with the most negative year in 1991 (−2.14 m). Between 1860 and 2021 its surface dropped by 5 m on average. With strong climate protection (SSP1-2.6), about 0% of its 2020 ice would remain in 2100. With very high emissions (SSP5-8.5) it would be gone around 2042. Its meltwater peaked around 2023.

Future

What remains in 2100

SSP1-2.6 · low emissionsGoneIce gone around 2043
SSP2-4.5 · intermediate emissionsGoneIce gone around 2042
SSP3-7.0 · high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2043
SSP5-8.5 · very high emissionsGoneIce gone around 2042
SSP1-2.6SSP2-4.5SSP3-7.0SSP5-8.5
0%25%50%75%100%202020402060208021000%0%0%0%
Ice volume as a share of 2020, median of 14 climate models; shaded: middle two-thirds of models. OGGM v1.6.

Meltwater

Million m³ of water per year, 11-year mean

00.20.50.81.01.220102030205020702090
Water leaving the glacier area each year: ice melt, snowmelt and rain. It rises while the glacier melts faster, then falls as the ice runs out: “peak water”.
Measured

The record

Length change since 1928

Position of the glacier tongue, measured in the field almost every year. Hover for each measurement.

−600 m−500 m−400 m−300 m−200 m−100 m0 m19401960198020002020−512 m
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Length Change, release 2025.

Mass balance 1956–1995

Ice gained (blue) or lost (red) over the whole glacier each year, in metres of water equivalent. Measured with stakes drilled into the ice.

−3.0−2.0−1.00.01.02.01960197019801990
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Mass Balance, release 2025. Cumulative since 1956: −9.2 m water equivalent.

Thinning since 1860

Average change in surface height, from comparing elevation models made from maps, aerial images and laser scans.

−15 m−10 m−5 m0 m187519001925195019752000−5 m
GLAMOS Swiss Glacier Volume Change, release 2025.
Profile

Facts

Area over time

18501.030 km²19310.817 km²19730.603 km²20160.208 km²2050 · SSP2-4.50.000 km²2100 · SSP2-4.50.000 km²

Past areas are the ice body this glacier belonged to at the time. Projections: OGGM median, SSP2-4.5.

SGI id
B52-33
Canton
Valais
River
Rhône → Mediterranean
Basin
Vispa
Location
46.0640° N, 7.9250° E · swisstopo map
Elevation
2,868–3,250 m, median 2,987 m
Slope, aspect
25°, north-east
Debris cover
0.05 km² (23% of the area)
Inventory image
2015
Ice volume (model)
≈ 0.003 km³ in 2020 (OGGM)
RGI ids
RGI60-11.02671, RGI60-11.02674
Sources

Sources

  1. Linsbauer et al. (2021). The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2016. Frontiers in Earth Science 9. doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.704189
  2. Mannerfelt et al. (2022). Halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931 observed from terrestrial image photogrammetry. The Cryosphere 16. doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022
  3. GLAMOS – Glacier Monitoring Switzerland. www.glamos.ch
  4. Zekollari et al. (2024). Twenty-first century global glacier evolution under CMIP6 scenarios and the role of glacier-specific observations. The Cryosphere 18 (OGGM v1.6 projections). tc.copernicus.org/articles/18/5045/2024/

Relief: swisstopo swissALTIRegio. 1850 and 1973 outlines: Maisch et al. (2000), Müller et al. (1976), Paul (2004). Length, mass balance and volume change: GLAMOS releases 2025. All sources and methods.

← Larger: GlasergletscherSmaller: Chlitaler Firn →